Lumipad

Sensors and first power-up: first hover.

Week 4 is the emotional peak of the program. The drone gets its eyes — FPV camera, video transmitter, and the Raspberry Pi NDVI rig — then powers up with propellers for the first time. Monday and Tuesday install the FPV stack and configure the video downlink. Wednesday integrates the NDVI rig and calibrates capture on the bench. Thursday drills the 22-item pre-flight checklist and runs the first props-on test on a tether (no actual flight). Friday is the moment the build becomes a drone — each trainee, in turn, performs a 30-second tethered hover at ~30 cm altitude. After three weeks of "no propellers yet," this week the wait ends.

Version 1.0 · Updated 05·2026 Author: Lumipad Engineering License: CC-BY-SA-4.0 Languages: EN · TL · CEB

Five days, in detail. Pick the day.

This page is the day-by-day expansion of Week 4 in the curriculum overview. Each day is its own panel below — click a day tab to see the morning and afternoon schedules in detail, the hands-on activities with steps, the materials list, common pitfalls, and the end-of-day check.

Designed for two audiences. Cohort instructors running a Week 4 cohort use this as the lesson plan — block-by-block timing, the rubric for the hover assessment, where trainees in earlier cohorts typically struggle (NDVI Pi configuration and the first-arm anxiety on Friday). Trainees use this as preview-and-review — what to verify before each test, the FPV configuration steps to revisit, the pre-flight checklist items to memorise before Friday's hover.

The emotional peak. Week 1 was foundational; Week 2 was hands-on hardware; Week 3 was the cognitive grind. Week 4 is the reward. The build that's been growing for three weeks gets its eyes Monday-Wednesday, then takes flight on Friday. Most cohort 02 trainees describe Friday's first tethered hover as the most memorable moment of the program — three weeks of "no propellers yet" finally ends. Difficulty curve drops back to Week 1-2 levels (~5% Saturday rate); the cognitive demand is lower than Week 3, the emotional stakes are higher. Instructors plan accordingly: more celebration on Friday, more presence at the tether station, more cohort photos.

What to bring; what to review.

Week 4 mixes hands-on FPV soldering, software configuration on the Raspberry Pi, and the program's most-anticipated event — Friday's first hover. Trainees should arrive Monday with their Week 3 builds (locked in workshop, FC and radio configured) and an appetite for the wait being almost over.

Item What it is Why Source
1
Closed-toe shoes + long pants Standard cohort default workshop attire.
Friday's first-hover sessions are outdoors with spinning props at low altitude. Closed shoes and long pants are non-negotiable that day; Monday-Thursday continue Week 1's baseline.
Trainee provides
2
Notebook + pen Same as previous weeks. VTX channel mapping, NDVI configuration steps, and the 22-item pre-flight checklist all benefit from written notes.
Trainees who memorise the checklist by hand-copying it into their notebook outperform those relying on the printed card.
Trainee provides
3
Their Week 3 build The configured drone trainees finished last week — FC + GPS + receiver, BetaFlight set up, transmitter bound.
Workshop-stored over the weekend; trainees retrieve theirs Monday morning. Build should be in the state Friday Week 3 left it (passed stack assessment, failsafe verified).
Workshop storage
4
Workshop laptop or own laptop Same setup as Week 3 — BetaFlight Configurator for VTX SmartAudio configuration, plus a terminal client (PuTTY on Windows; built-in Terminal on Mac) for SSH into the NDVI Pi on Wednesday.
Cohort default workshop has the 4 BetaFlight laptops with PuTTY/SSH already installed.
Cohort program (workshop laptops) or trainee provides
5
Week 4 add-on kit Foxeer Predator FPV camera, RushFPV Tank Solo VTX, 5.8 GHz antenna, NDVI rig (Pi Zero 2 W + modified Pi Camera with red filter + microSD card pre-loaded with Pi OS and capture script), camera mount hardware, FPV signal cable, props (2 sets of 4 — one to fly with, one as spare). Cohort program supplies.
~₱4,800 per trainee in additional components. Becomes part of trainee's drone for the rest of the program. Props are the most-replaced consumable.
Cohort program supplies Monday morning
6
Workshop FPV goggles (shared) Cohort default 4 pairs of FPV goggles in workshop pool. Used Tuesday for video link verification and Friday for the hover sessions (instructor watching pilot view).
~₱8,000-15,000 per pair; shared workshop fixture. Reused across cohorts.
Cohort program · workshop pool

Recommended pre-week reading (optional but useful)

Trainees who arrive having read these handle Week 4 noticeably better:

  • sensors.html in full: the canonical reference for cohort default FPV camera + VTX + NDVI rig. Covers Foxeer Predator specifications, RushFPV Tank Solo SmartAudio protocol, the Raspberry Pi NDVI rig (Pi Zero 2 W, modified camera, capture script), and the agronomic interpretation of NDVI imagery. ~30 min. Most useful pre-reading for this week.
  • flight-training.html intro and Section 1: not flying yet (free flight is Week 5), but the intro covers tethered-hover discipline and the pre-flight ritual. Sets up Thursday and Friday's sessions. ~10 min.
  • The 22-item pre-flight checklist (printed handout): distributed Monday morning. Trainees who memorise it before Friday outperform those reading from the card during the hover assessment. The order matters; the rationale per item is in flight-training.html.
  • Re-review their Week 3 BetaFlight notes: VTX SmartAudio configuration uses a free UART (cohort default UART 5 or 6); the same Ports tab discipline from Week 3 applies. Refresher helps Monday afternoon.

Total: ~50-70 minutes of pre-reading. Less critical than Week 3's pre-reading (which made a big difference); Week 4 covers everything practically. But the pre-flight checklist memorisation is the one item with measurable Friday-performance impact.

Schedule: Mon–Fri, 09:00–16:00 with a 1-hour lunch break. 4 contact hours per day; 20 hours total. Workshop opens 08:30; trainees retrieve their builds and set up workstations. Workshop closes 16:30. Notable Week 4 differences: Tuesday afternoon includes ~30 min indoor video link testing with goggles; Wednesday afternoon includes ~45 min outdoor NDVI calibration sweep; Thursday afternoon and Friday entire day are outdoors with props installed. Bring sun protection and water for Thu-Fri sessions.

Pick a day. Get the path to first hover.

Each day below is a self-contained lesson plan. Click a day to see the morning and afternoon detailed schedules, the hands-on activities with specific steps, materials, common pitfalls, and the end-of-day check that confirms learning. Days are sequenced — running them out of order will produce gaps.

Day 1 of 5 · Monday ~4 contact hours · 09:00–16:00 with lunch

FPV camera installation and VTX setup.

Day 1 gives the drone its eyes. Morning: physically mounting the Foxeer Predator FPV camera on the camera plate, setting tilt angle (10–15° for survey work), and wiring the 5V/GND/video signal. Afternoon: installing the RushFPV Tank Solo VTX with attention to heat dissipation, wiring SmartAudio to a free FC UART, and routing the 5.8 GHz antenna. By end of day, each build has a camera and a video transmitter — ready for tomorrow's video link testing.

By end of Monday, trainees can:

  • Mount the Foxeer Predator FPV camera on the v1 frame's camera plate with tilt set to ~10° (cohort default for survey work).
  • Solder the camera's 3 wires (5V, GND, video signal) to the FC's camera-input pads.
  • Mount the RushFPV Tank Solo VTX with adequate airflow for heat dissipation.
  • Solder the VTX's 4 wires (5V, GND, video input, SmartAudio) to the FC.
  • Route and secure the 5.8 GHz antenna so it's vertical when the drone is level (best signal pattern).
  • Articulate why tilt angle matters (forward flight pitches drone forward; tilted camera keeps horizon centred).
Block Time What happens Materials
M1
09:00–09:15
Welcome back and week overview. Recap: Week 3 ended with configured drones (FC, GPS, receiver, BetaFlight set up, transmitter bound). Week 4 adds the FPV stack and NDVI rig, then takes the drone into the air. Hand out Week 4 add-on kits. The week's arc: Mon FPV camera + VTX; Tue video link + NDVI overview; Wed NDVI integration + calibration; Thu pre-flight drill + tethered first power-on; Fri tethered hover + celebration. This is the week we've been waiting for.
Week 4 add-on kits × 6 (sealed) · the Week 3 builds retrieved from workshop storage
M2
09:15–10:15
FPV camera anatomy and tilt angle. Whiteboard plus physical Foxeer Predator:
  • What the Foxeer Predator is: small CMOS camera (1/3" sensor), 1000TVL analog video output, 5V powered, 4-12V tolerant. Cohort default for cohort builds because of low-light performance and durable plastic case.
  • Three wires from the camera: 5V power (red), GND (black), video signal (yellow). Connector type: small 3-pin JST or bare pads depending on revision.
  • Why analog NTSC output (vs digital like DJI O3): cohort default uses analog because (a) compatible with cheap goggles partner orgs can afford, (b) lower latency, (c) lower cost. Trade-off: lower resolution. Survey work doesn't need 1080p — pilot just needs to see where the drone is.
  • Tilt angle: when drone is level (hovering or slow forward), camera should look slightly down. When drone pitches forward to fly fast, the tilted camera looks horizontal. Cohort default: ~10° down for survey work; racing builds use 30-40°. Wrong tilt = pilot sees mostly sky during forward flight.
  • The camera plate: small carbon-fibre or plastic bracket on the v1 frame's front. Already mounted from Week 2 build; trainees attach the camera to it now.
Whiteboard · spare Foxeer Predator (demo unit) · v1 frame showing camera plate
M3
10:15–10:30
Break.
M4
10:30–12:00
Camera install and soldering. Each trainee installs their FPV camera:
  • Identify the FC's camera-input pads: cohort default SpeedyBee F405 has labelled pads VCC (5V), GND, and CAM (video signal).
  • Cut camera wires to length: route from camera plate (front of frame) toward FC (centre); allow ~5cm slack.
  • Strip 3mm; tin each wire end.
  • Pre-tin the FC pads.
  • Solder: camera 5V → FC VCC; camera GND → FC GND; camera video → FC CAM. Note: video signal is not directional — same pin both directions; no TX/RX cross to worry about today.
  • Apply heat shrink to each joint.
  • Mount camera on camera plate using included screws. Set tilt to ~10° down — trainees use a small protractor or angle reference card. Cohort default acceptable range: 5°-15°; tighter range for survey-specific builds.
  • Verify camera lens is clean (no fingerprint, no dust). Lens cleaning cloth in the kit.
  • Power on build briefly via USB; verify camera draws current (FC's VCC pad shows small voltage drop confirming current flow). Don't worry about video output yet — that needs the VTX, installed next.
Instructor circulates during soldering; checks polarity (5V vs GND) before any power-on test.
Soldering kits · 60/40 solder · Foxeer Predator cameras in Week 4 add-on kits · small protractor or angle reference card · workshop laptops × 4 for USB power tests
L
12:00–13:00
Lunch. Builds covered.
A1
13:00–14:00
VTX anatomy and placement. Whiteboard plus physical RushFPV Tank Solo:
  • What a VTX is: video transmitter — takes the analog video signal from the camera, modulates it onto a 5.8 GHz carrier, broadcasts to FPV goggles. Heart of the FPV downlink.
  • The RushFPV Tank Solo: 25/200/400/800 mW switchable output power, 40 channels across 4 bands, SmartAudio v2 protocol for FC-controlled configuration. Cohort default because of robust build, well-supported, easy SmartAudio setup.
  • Heat dissipation: the VTX is the warmest component on the drone (electrical efficiency ~25%; rest is heat). Mount with airflow access — not buried, not against carbon fibre, not next to the ESC. Cohort default: top of frame, near the antenna mount, with breeze access in flight.
  • Four wires: 5V power, GND, video input (from camera signal — yes, the same signal goes to BOTH the FC's CAM pad AND the VTX's input; cohort default uses the FC's VTX-output pad which echoes the camera signal), and SmartAudio (a single TX line from FC).
  • Antenna: 5.8 GHz dipole or stubby. Must be vertical when drone is level (best gain pattern). Length ~6cm; SMA or RP-SMA connector to VTX.
Whiteboard · spare RushFPV Tank Solo · spare 5.8 GHz antennas (different lengths and types for comparison)
A2
14:00–14:15
Break.
A3
14:15–15:30
VTX install and soldering. Each trainee installs their VTX:
  • Identify a free FC UART for SmartAudio: cohort default uses UART 5 (since UART 1 = GPS, UART 2 = receiver from Week 3).
  • Locate FC UART 5 TX pad (SmartAudio is one-direction data from FC to VTX — only TX is needed, just like iBUS receiver was one-direction).
  • Locate FC's VTX-output pad (echoes camera signal to VTX input).
  • Cut VTX wires to length: from VTX position (top of frame) to FC (centre); allow slack.
  • Strip 3mm; tin each wire end.
  • Pre-tin all four FC pads (VCC, GND, VTX-out, UART5 TX).
  • Solder: VTX 5V → FC VCC; VTX GND → FC GND; VTX video input → FC VTX-out; VTX SmartAudio → FC UART5 TX.
  • Apply heat shrink to each joint.
  • Mount VTX on top of frame with included screws or 3M VHB tape. Verify airflow access — not buried under wiring.
  • Attach 5.8 GHz antenna to VTX SMA connector. Hand-tight only — over-tightening cracks the connector.
  • Route antenna so it points up vertically when drone is level. Cohort default: short antenna mast made from 3D-printed plastic; antenna zip-tied to mast.
Instructor circulates and confirms each soldering job before USB connection.
Soldering kits · RushFPV Tank Solo VTXs · 5.8 GHz antennas · 3M VHB tape · 3D-printed antenna mast (cohort fixture) · zip ties
A4
15:30–16:00
USB connection and smoke check. Each trainee at a laptop:
  • Connect FC via USB-C; open BetaFlight Configurator; click Connect.
  • The new VTX should pull current — visible by slight FC heating after ~30 seconds. Don't connect battery yet — VTX configuration on USB is sufficient.
  • Brief check that BetaFlight still connects cleanly (Week 3 setup intact, no regressions from today's soldering).
  • Save Week 4 day 1 status: FPV camera installed, VTX installed, both visible to BetaFlight.
SmartAudio configuration in BetaFlight is tomorrow's work — today is physical install. End of day: trainees disconnect USB; builds covered at workstations.
Workshop laptops · trainee builds · USB-C cables

Common Day 1 pitfalls

  • Camera tilt set wrong: trainee mounts camera at 0° (level) or 30° (racing tilt) instead of cohort default 10°. Result: in forward flight, pilot sees mostly sky or mostly ground. Cohort default fix: angle reference card on workbench; instructor checks before camera screws are tightened.
  • Camera 5V/GND swapped: less common than ESC polarity (camera connector usually keyed) but happens with bare-pad soldering. Result: damaged camera. Cohort default fix: instructor checks polarity before USB power-on; spare camera in cohort stock for replacements.
  • VTX wired to wrong UART for SmartAudio: same family of error as Week 3 GPS/receiver UART confusion. Trainee solders to UART 5 TX but enables SmartAudio on UART 4 in BetaFlight. Cohort default fix: physically point at FC pads, name the UART, verify Ports tab matches (this happens tomorrow during configuration).
  • VTX buried or against carbon: poor heat dissipation; VTX shuts down or reduces power after a few minutes. Cohort default fix: visual check at install — if VTX has no airflow gap, relocate.
  • Antenna routed sideways or downward: 5.8 GHz dipole pattern is donut-shaped around the antenna axis; sideways antenna means signal goes up and down (not toward the pilot). Cohort default fix: antenna mast keeps antenna vertical; trainees who skip the mast and zip-tie antenna to a frame arm get poor reception during goggles testing tomorrow.
  • Forgetting heat shrink before soldering: classic; same as Week 2. Cohort default reminder: instructor calls out "heat shrink first" at the start of each soldering sequence.
  • Camera lens fingerprint: trainees handle the camera by the lens; smudge on the lens shows up as cloudy video. Cohort default fix: camera handled by case only; lens cleaning cloth in kit; lens cleaned before final tilt-angle setting.

End-of-day check. Before leaving, each trainee shows the instructor:

  • FPV camera mounted at ~10° tilt (verified with angle reference card).
  • Camera soldering: 5V/GND/signal joints clean, heat-shrunk, polarity correct.
  • VTX mounted with airflow access; antenna vertical when drone is level.
  • VTX soldering: 4 joints clean, heat-shrunk, SmartAudio wire on FC TX side of UART 5.
  • BetaFlight still connects cleanly (no Week 3 regressions).

Builds covered at workstations. Trainees with persistent issues stay 15-30 min for one-on-one troubleshooting.

Tonight's prep for Tuesday. Optional: read sensors.html Section 2 (FPV downlink theory). Required: come ready for video link configuration tomorrow morning. We'll be in BetaFlight's Ports + VTX tabs configuring SmartAudio, then putting on goggles for the first time. ~30 min of indoor goggles work.

Complete Week 4 materials list.

Aggregated materials list for an instructor running Week 4 with 6 trainees. Cohort default budget: ~₱4,800 per trainee for Week 4 add-on components (FPV camera, VTX, NDVI rig, props, antennas). Workshop FPV goggles and outdoor flight equipment (tethers, anchors) are reused across cohorts.

Category Item Quantity (6 trainees) Cohort note
FPV
Foxeer Predator FPV camera
6 + 1 spare
~₱1,000-1,300 each. Becomes part of trainee's drone.
VTX
RushFPV Tank Solo VTX
6 + 1 spare
~₱1,200-1,500 each. SmartAudio compatible.
ANT
5.8 GHz antennas
6 + 4 spares
~₱200-400 each. Stubby or short dipole; SMA or RP-SMA depending on VTX.
PI
Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W
6 + 1 spare
~₱900-1,100 each. NDVI rig brain.
CAM
Modified Pi Camera (red filter)
6 + 1 spare
~₱700-1,000 each. Pre-modified by cohort engineering — IR-cut filter removed, red filter installed (Wratten 25 or equivalent).
SD
microSD cards (32GB) with cohort default Pi OS image
6 + 1 spare (master image card kept separately)
~₱350-500 each. Pre-loaded with Pi OS Lite + capture script + autostart configuration.
BRACK
3D-printed Pi mounting brackets
6 (cohort default reused fixture)
Printed in cohort engineering once; reused across cohorts.
PROP
5-inch tri-blade propellers (CW + CCW)
2 sets per trainee (one to fly, one spare) = 12 sets
~₱150-250 per set of 4. Cohort default uses HQProp or Gemfan tri-blades. Most-replaced consumable.
PROP
Prop wrench / torque tool
6 + 1 calibrated torque wrench (3 N·m setting)
~₱300-500 for prop wrench; ~₱2,000-3,000 for cohort default torque wrench (reused).
CABLE
Pi camera ribbon cables, GPS feed wire, 5V power wire
Per kit + spares
Included in NDVI kit. Spares cover damaged ribbons.
GOGG
FPV goggles (workshop pool)
4 pairs (shared)
~₱8,000-15,000 per pair. Skyzone or compatible. Cohort default workshop fixture; reused.
TETH
1m tethers + concrete anchors
2 tethers (one in use; one spare); 2 anchors
Cohort default: cohort makes from paracord + carabiner; anchor is concrete weight (15-20kg). ~₱500-1,000 setup; reused.
SAFE
Outdoor flight setup
Perimeter cones (8-10), portable LiPo bench, fire blanket, sand bucket
Reused workshop fixtures.
CHECK
22-item checklist cards
8 cards (one per trainee + 2 spares; laminated)
~₱100-200 to print + laminate; reused across cohorts (laminated for outdoor weather).
CALIB
NDVI calibration target sheets
6 (printed A3, laminated)
~₱200 each to print + laminate; reused.
SOL
Soldering supplies
Stations from Week 1; ~30g solder consumed; flux paste; small heat shrink
Solder consumption lower than Weeks 2-3 (only ~7 small joints per trainee this week).
BAT
Charged 4S 1500mAh LiPo batteries
8-12 packs (more rotation needed Friday; multiple hovers per trainee)
Same packs from Weeks 2-3; ToolkitRC charger keeps rotation going.
PRINT
Printed materials
FPV camera install guide, VTX setup guide, NDVI rig handout, GPIO pinout reference cards (per workstation), 22-item checklist, IP-per-trainee Pi chart, Week 5 preview slides, assessment rubrics
~₱700 per cohort.
ALUM
program graduates visit (Friday afternoon)
1-2 graduates
Cohort default offers small honorarium for travel (~₱500-1,500). High-impact program element when scheduled. Backup recorded testimonials if graduates can't attend.
FOOD
Cohort celebratory lunch
For cohort + instructors + visiting graduates
~₱2,000-3,000 from cohort budget. Mindanao staples (pancit, lumpia, rice, fried chicken). Deliberate program ritual.

Per-cohort cost: ~₱32,000-37,000 total for 6 trainees (dominated by 6 × ~₱4,800 add-on kits = ~₱29,000, plus ~₱3,000-5,000 for Friday's celebration including lunch and graduates honorarium). Workshop goggles, tethers, brackets, and printed materials amortise across many cohorts. Per-cohort consumables: ~₱2,000-4,000 (props are the main consumable — Friday's hover assessment damages ~10-20% of installed props through hard descents and minor tether contact).

One hover assessment; everything else is preparation.

The Week 4 assessment is the tethered hover. Four specific demonstrations performed by each trainee on Friday morning. Like prior weeks, the assessment is diagnostic — trainees who don't pass cleanly get Saturday support, not removal. Cohort default historical: ~95% pass Friday morning; ~5% need Saturday tether practice; all complete Week 5.

Hover assessment rubric

Each trainee performs the following four demonstrations Friday morning, with instructor observing:

  • 1. Pre-flight checklist: full 22-item walk-through, out loud, no items skipped, no out-of-order. ~3-5 min.
  • 2. Controlled ascent: smooth throttle advance from zero; build lifts off in ~3-5 seconds; reaches ~30cm altitude.
  • 3. Stable hover: 30+ seconds at altitude; small drift within tether radius (~50cm) acceptable; no hard climb, drop, or full tether stretch.
  • 4. Controlled descent: gradual throttle reduction; build descends in ~3-5 seconds; soft touchdown (no bounce; no sideways lurch); disarm after touchdown.

Pass: 4/4. Conditional pass: 3/4 with documented issues. Saturday session: 2/4 or less.

Cumulative end-of-week verification (passive)

By Friday morning, each trainee's build should also have demonstrated (during the week, not as separate Friday assessment items):

  • Working FPV video downlink at 25 mW, 200 mW, 400 mW, 800 mW (Tuesday + Thursday outdoor sessions).
  • NDVI rig captures geo-tagged imagery on the bench (Wednesday afternoon calibration).
  • Successful tethered first power-up with props installed (Thursday afternoon).

If any of these aren't demonstrated by Friday morning: trainee gets Friday afternoon open-lab time to verify before being signed off for Week 5.

Cohort default historical for Week 4: ~95% of trainees pass the hover assessment cleanly Friday morning; ~5% need Saturday tether practice. The Saturday rate is the lowest of any week — Week 4 is technically less demanding than Week 3, and trainees arrive Friday with full Thursday rehearsal behind them. Every cohort 02 trainee who finished Week 4 graduated. The hover is the program's emotional checkpoint as much as it's a technical one.